On the morning of January 26, 1856, the "Battle of Seattle" began when Native Americans raided the white settlement in what is now known as Seattle. Previously warned of the attack, most settlers had barricaded themselves in a blockhouse. The attackers were driven off by artillery fire. The battle was the penultimate event in a series of armed conflicts, known as the Puget Sound War, which stemmed from Washington Territory Governor Isaac Ingalls Stevens' (1818-1862) forced treaties with local tribes during 1854 and 1855, and the government's later refusal to honor the treaties. The "war" ended with the November 1856 wrongful arrest and later execution of a central figure of the war, Nisqually Chief Leschi (1808-1858). There were only two casualties for the settlers and the exact number of casualties the Indigenous peoples suffered is unknown. The artist, Emily Inez Denny (1853-1919), was a child during the battle and painted this scene many years later, fusing her memories with family tradition. Denny’s interpretation emphasized the settlers’ vulnerability and fear, and eliminated the Decatur’s sailors and Marines, on the one hand, and Indigenous people, on the other.